Journal
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Volume 252, Issue -, Pages 393-403Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.04.104
Keywords
Atrazine; Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); Hydroxyl radical; Sulfate radical; Second order rate constant; Degradation mechanism
Categories
Funding
- Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation
- Republic of Cyprus
- European Regional Development Fund of the EU [NEA IPODOMI/STRATH/0308/09]
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Degradation of atrazine was investigated under UV-254 nm irradiation, alone or in combination with peroxides, i.e., hydrogen peroxide, persulfate (PS) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS). UV/PS was found to be the most efficient process in this study, which was probably due to its higher radical quantum yield under UV irradiation, considering atrazine's comparable second order rate constant of 2.59 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1) and 2.25 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1) with sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical, respectively. The pH values showed no significant effect on direct photolysis of atrazine, with observed UV fluence based pseudo-first-order rate constant (k(obs)) of 7.59 x 10(-4), 7.73 x 10(-4) and 6.72 x 10(-4) cm(2) mJ(-1) at pH 3.0, 5.7 and 11.0, respectively. Performance of UV/H2O2 and UV/PMS were more independent of initial pH values while that of UV/PS appeared to be more efficient at neutral pH condition. UV/PS was observed as a less energy consumption process. Eight new degradation by-products were identified in this study, namely, 2-chloro-4-acetamido-6-(2-hydroxy-isopropylamino)-s-triazine (CDHT), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (ONIT), 2-chloro-4-vinylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CVIT), 2-hydroxy-4-vinylamino-6-(2-hydroxy-isopropylamino)-s-triazine (OVHT), 2-hydroxy-4-acetamido-6-isopropenylamino-s-triazine (ODPT), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-6-vinylamino-s-triazine (ONVT), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-6-methylamino-s-triazine (ONMT) and 2-chloro-4-vinyla mino-6-amino-s-triazine (CVAT). Potential degradation pathways were further proposed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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