A rapid low-temperature synthetic method leading to large-scale carboxyl graphene

We report a rapid, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective route for the preparation of a graphene-based nanomaterial, carboxyl graphene (aka. reduced graphene oxide, RGO) from graphene oxide (GO). Carboxyl graphene was prepared on the scale of several grams through the reduction of GO by thiourea dioxide (TUD) at a relatively low temperature (40 degrees C) in an alkaline medium (pH = 10). The reduction of GO was confirmed by FT-IR, UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, this reduction was also confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Characterizations of these materials demonstrated that selective reduction of the epoxy and carbonyl groups occurred on the surface of GO, while carboxyl groups were left behind. In addition, the conjugation of the carbons in the structure was restored through this reduction and a single-layer of carboxyl graphene (with a thickness of 0.80 nm, as observed by AFM) was obtained under these conditions. Carboxyl graphene had a high surface area (of 454.52 m(2) g(-1)) and contained approximately 6.9 +/- 1.6 mmol of carboxyl groups per gram of material, as determined via Boehm titration. The mechanism for selective reduction of the epoxy and carbonyl groups on GO to form carboxyl graphene by TUD is proposed and discussed in detail. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.