Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION
Volume 13, Issue 1-6, Pages 56-91Publisher
INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD
DOI: 10.1504/IJEP.2000.002311
Keywords
biomarkers; comet assay; CYP1A; DNA damage; immune response; multidrug resistance; mussel Mytilus edulis; neutral red; pollution monitoring
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Organic contaminants are continually entering aquatic environments and thence the tissues of resident biota. Mussels and other molluscs are used worldwide as sentinels in pollution monitoring. Recent years have seen the development of biological measurements (biomarkers) as tools for use in monitoring and environmental impact assessment, such biomarkers being indicative of contaminant exposure and/or impact. This paper describes established and developmental biomarkers in mussels responsive to exposure to organic contaminants, including some indicative of damage to DNA ('comet' assay) putative induction of biotransformation enzymes (CYP1A-like protein), contaminant removal (MXR-like protein), lysosomal membrane damage and impairment of membrane function.
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