Distribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: relation to insulin action

Aims/hypothesis. To evaluate the tissue distribution and possible role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in insulin action in fat and muscle biopsy specimens from lean, obese and subjects with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Methods. We measured PPAR alpha. PPAR beta(delta) and PPAR gamma protein expression by western blot analysis. The PPAR gamma protein was also measured in muscle before and after 3-h hyperinsulinaemic (300 mU.m(-2) min(-1)) euglycaemic clamps. Results. The PPAR alpha protein was expressed preferentially in muscle relative to fat (more than sevenfold). The PPAR beta protein was similar in fat and muscle. The amount of PPAR gamma protein found in muscle was, on average, two-thirds of that present in fat. There was no statistically significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic subjects in baseline (preclamp) muscle PPAR (alpha, beta or gamma) protein expression. Subgroup analysis showed, however, significantly higher PPAR gamma protein in the most insulin resistant diabetic subjects with glucose disposal rates of 3-6 mg . kg(-1) . min(-1) compared with their age and weight matched counterparts with glucose disposal rates of 6-9 (147+/-23 vs 88+/-10 AU/mu g protein, p less than or equal to 0.01 in diabetic and vs 94 +/- 15, p less than or equal to 0.04 in non-diabetic subjects). Muscle PPAR gamma protein and glucose disposal rates were inversely correlated in diabetic subjects (r = -0.47, p less than or equal to 0.05). Conclusion/interpretation. All PPARs (alpha, beta or gamma) are present in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue with different relative distributions. The PPAR gamma protein is abundant in skeletal muscle as well as adipose tissue. The altered expression of skeletal muscle PPAR gamma is consistent with a role for this nuclear protein in the impaired insulin action of Type II diabetes.