Expressional patterns of cytokines in a murine model of acute myocarditis: Early expression of cardiotrophin-1

To determine the role of cytokines in acute myocarditis, we examined expressional patterns of cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha in a murine model of acute myocarditis. Ten-day-old Institute of Cancer Research mice were injected with Coxsackievirus B3 and killed on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 28 of injection. TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha expressions were investigated on histological sections from each heart, and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and CT-1 in the heart was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNase protection assay. To determine myocardial regeneration, cardiomyocytic DNA synthesis was investigated using bromodeoxyuridine on Days 3, 5, 7, and 10, and the labeling index was calculated in each heart. Age-matched uninfected mice were used as controls. TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha expression was first detected in the cardiomyocytes on Day 3 and reached the maximum level on Day 7, when inflammatory changes were most prominent. Although an increased expression of TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha mRNA was also detected on Day 3, CT-1 mRNA expression was distinctly augmented on Day 2. The labeling indices in the hearts with myocarditis were significantly higher than in those of the controls in all of the time points examined. CT-1 expression preceded TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha expressions and active DNA synthesis in a murine model of acute myocarditis. All CVB3-infected mice with anti-glycoprotein-130 antibody treatment died within 6 days. CT-1 may exert a protective role by modulating cytokine production and by inducing cardiomyocytic proliferation in CVB3-infected murine hearts.