Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Volume 41, Issue -, Pages 569-591Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.569
Keywords
estrogen receptor; ER alpha; ER beta; membrane-associated ER; estradiol 17 alpha; estradiol 17 beta; second messengers; neurotrophins; oxidative damage; NMDA; beta-amyloid
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [P01AG016765] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIA NIH HHS [1PO1AG16765] Funding Source: Medline
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Originally known for its regulation of reproductive functions, estradiol, a lipophilic hormone that can easily cross plasma membranes as well as the blood-brain barrier maintains brain systems subserving arousal, attention, mood, and cognition. In addition, both synthetic and natural estrogens exert neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. There is increasing evidence that estrogen actions are mediated by nongenomic as well as direct and indirect genomic pathways. Although in vitro models have provided the most extensive evidence for neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions to date, there are also in vivo studies that support these actions.
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