Journal
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Volume 20, Issue 8, Pages 1843-1852Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp247
Keywords
cognitive control; fMRI; orbitofrontal cortex; response inhibition; reversal learning
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Funding
- Whitehall Foundation
- National Science Foundation [BCS-0223843]
- National Institutes of Health Roadmap Initiative [1P20-RR020750]
- Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics [RL1DA024853, UL1RR024911]
- Human Translational Applications Core [PL1MH083271]
- Tennebaum Center for the Biology of Creativity at UCLA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for Translational Research on the Clinical Neurobiology of Drug Addiction [P20DA022539-02]
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The ability to flexibly respond to changes in the environment is critical for adaptive behavior. Reversal learning (RI) procedures test adaptive response updating when contingencies are altered. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain areas that support specific RI components. We compared neural responses to RI and initial learning (acquisition) to isolate reversal-related brain activation independent of cognitive control processes invoked during initial feedback-based learning. Lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was more activated during reversal than acquisition, suggesting its relevance for reformation of established stimulus-response associations. In addition, the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) correlated with change in postreversal accuracy. Because optimal RI likely requires suppression of a prior learned response, we hypothesized that similar regions serve both response inhibition (RI) and inhibition of learned associations during reversal. However, reversal-specific responding and stopping (requiring RI and assessed via the stop-signal task) revealed distinct frontal regions. Although RI-related regions do not appear to support inhibition of prepotent learned associations, a subset of these regions, dACC and rIFG, guide actions consistent with current reward contingencies. These regions and lateral OFC represent distinct neural components that support behavioral flexibility important for adaptive learning.
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