Distribution and dynamics of gibbsite and kaolinite in an oxisol of Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil

In the Serra do Mar region, in southeastern Brazil, the soil mantle is mainly characterised by (i) a gibbsitic saprolite, (ii) various kaolinitic horizons within the gibbsitic material, (iii) kaolinito-gibbsitic topsoil horizons. This organisation does not match with the thermodynamic stability of gibbsite and kaolinite accompanying the solution percolation through soil profiles. A study of the micromorphological, mineralogical and chemical properties of the soil mantle reveals that this organisation arises from the in situ development of the soil from the crystalline bedrock. The bauxitic weathering of the bedrock, even if it is rich in quartz, can be explained by a fast renewal of the solutions and/or a high solubility of the kaolinite. Recycling of Si and Al by the forest can maintain a dynamic equilibrium of kaolinite in the topsoil horizons, as observed in Amazonia. The kaolinitic compact horizons evolve upslope at the expense of the gibbsitic material. At the contact between kaolinitic arid gibbsitic material, dissolution patterns of quartz and gibbsite are observed, indicating that this evolution is in process. These observations and the organisation of the soil mantle set the problem of the apparent stability of gibbsite and kaolinite in this environment. Various assumptions that could explain this organisation of the soil mantle are discussed. Changes in the activity of water due to the pore size diminution and displacement of the gibbsite-kaolinite equilibrium appear insufficient to explain the stability of kaolinite. However, it could be allotted to the slow down of water flows in the soil mantel. Lastly, the eventual role of the complexing organic matter is presented. More investigations on the biogeochemical cycle of Si and Al and on the physico-chemical processes at the soil solution-mineral interface are necessary to explain the stability and dynamics of gibbsite and kaolinite in this environment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.