Journal
JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
Volume 45, Issue 2, Pages 84-88Publisher
JAPAN PETROLEUM INST
DOI: 10.1627/jpi.45.84
Keywords
cement concrete; decalcification; surfactant; windshield washer fluid; ion exchange; bitumen
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A new phenomenon of decalcification of the cement concrete structure and dissolution of bitumen in bituminous pavement is described, caused by the surfactants included in the windshield washer fluid of automobiles. Decalcification occurs in cement concrete samples in the laboratory even at low concentrations of surfactant of 25 ppm. Recently, foam with fine bubbles have been observed in the water on pavement just after rain worldwide. The decalcification reaction was identified as an ion exchange reaction between the calcium ions Ca2+ in the concrete and Na+ in the surfactants using the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) method. Bitumen was also found in the decalcified cement concrete, from which the Ca component had dissolved out gradually with time.
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