Journal
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Volume 40, Issue -, Pages 19-23Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.11.016
Keywords
Contaminant soil iron; Iron intakes; Food composition data; Diet composites; Ferritin; Food analysis; Caco-2 cell model; Malawi; Food composition
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Funding
- UK National Environment Research Council (NERC)
- UK Department for International Development (DFID)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) under the Ecosystems Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) scheme
- University of Otago
- University of East Anglia
- University of Nottingham
- British Geological Survey
- BBSRC [BB/G005656/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- NERC [NE/I003347/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/G005656/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/I003347/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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Iron intakes calculated from one-day weighed records were compared with those from same day analyzed duplicate diet composites collected from 120 Malawian women living in two rural districts with contrasting soil mineralogy and where threshing may contaminate cereals with soil iron. Soils and diet composites from the two districts were then subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion and iron availability in the digests measured using a Caco-2 cell model. Median analyzed iron intakes (mg/d) were higher (p < 0.001) than calculated intakes in both Zombwe (16.6 vs. 10.1 mg/d) and Mikalango (29.6 vs. 19.1 mg/d), attributed to some soil contaminant iron based on high Al and Ti concentrations in diet composites. A small portion of iron in acidic soil from Zombwe, but not Mikalango calcareous soil, was bioavailable, as it induced ferritin expression in the cells, and may have contributed to higher plasma ferritin and total body iron for the Zombwe women reported earlier, despite lower iron intakes. In conclusion, iron intakes calculated from food composition data were underestimated, highlighting the importance of analyzing duplicate diet composites where extraneous contaminant iron from soil is likely. Acidic contaminant soil may make a small but useful contribution to iron nutrition. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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