Cellulose-based materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering

Two types of cellulose-based materials, 6-carboxycellulose with 2.1 or 6.6 wt% of -COOH groups, were prepared and tested for potential use in tissue engineering. The materials were functionalized with arginine, i.e. an amino acid with a basic side chain, or with chitosan, in order to balance the relatively acid character of oxidized cellulose molecules, and were seeded with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The cell adhesion and growth were then evaluated directly on the materials, and also on the underlying polystyrene culture dishes. Of these two types of studied materials, 6-carboxycellulose with 2.1 wt% of -COOH groups was more appropriate for cell colonization. The cells on this material achieved an elongated shape, while they were spherical in shape on the other materials. The number of cells and the concentration (per mg of protein) of contractile proteins alpha-actin and SM1 and SM2 myosins, i.e. markers of the phenotypic maturation of VSMC, were also significantly higher on this material. Functionalization of the material with arginine and chitosan further improved the phenotypic maturation of VSMC. Chitosan also improved the adhesion and growth of these cells. In comparison with the control polystyrene dishes, the proliferation of cells on our cellulose-based materials was relatively low. This suggests that these materials can be used in applications where high proliferation activity of cells is not desirable, e.g. proliferation of VSMC on vascular prostheses. Alternatively, the cell proliferation might be enhanced by another more efficient modification, which would require further research.