Journal
CELLULOSE
Volume 20, Issue 6, Pages 2935-2945Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10570-013-0062-9
Keywords
Nanocellulose; TEMPO oxidation; In situ nanoparticles; Hydrophobicity
Funding
- United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA) [2010-65504-20429]
- USDA NIFA [2010-34489-20784]
- Virginia Tech's Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program for Sustainable Nanotechnology
- NIFA [580955, 2010-34489-20784] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Handsheets with in situ generated cellulose nanoparticles were made from oxidized pulp fibers prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl-mediated oxidation of kraft fiber with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide. The oxidized pulp fibers were blended prior to handsheet formation for short times (1-3 min). From gravimetric analysis of the supernatant, yield of cellulose nanoparticles generated from this blending process were up to 9.5 dry wt%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the handsheets fabricated in a wetlay process had increased smoothness with increased blending time. A significant decrease in water vapor transmission rate for the sheets supported the hypothesis that cellulose nanoparticles fill the empty spaces between pulp fibers throughout the handsheet affording a more dense structure. Oxidation significantly enhanced the tensile index of the handsheets and this value was further improved by blending for 2 min. The handsheets were treated with a solution of octadecylamine (ODA) modifying the surface chemistry of the paper. Irreversibly adsorbed ODA on the oxidized cellulose surfaces after extensive extraction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sessile drop contact angle tests for modified handsheets illustrated its enhanced hydrophobicity with contact angles over 90A degrees. Overall the study developed a novel route to make paper with enhanced functionality without the need to separately deposit nanocellulose onto the paper surface.
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