Cellulose II nanoelements prepared from fully mercerized, partially mercerized and regenerated celluloses by 4-acetamido-TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 oxidation

A softwood bleached kraft pulp (SBKP) and cotton lint cellulose were fully or partially mercerized, and these along with celluloses and commercially available regenerated cellulose fiber and beads were oxidized by 4-acetamido-TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 at 60 A degrees C and pH 4.8. Weight recovery ratios and carboxylate contents of the oxidized celluloses were 65-80% and 1.8-2.2 mmol g(-1), respectively. Transparent and viscous dispersions were obtained by mechanical disintegration of the TEMPO-oxidized celluloses in water. These aqueous dispersions showed birefringence between cross-polarizers, indicating that mostly individualized cellulose nanoelements dispersed in water were obtained by these procedures. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the cellulose nanoelements prepared from mercerized SBKP, repeatedly mercerized SBKP, mercerized cotton lint cellulose, regenerated cellulose beads and 18% NaOH-treated SBKP, i.e. partially mercerized SBKP, had similar morphologies and sizes, 4-12 nm in width and 100-200 nm in length. The 18% NaOH-treated SBKP was converted to cellulose nanoelements consisting of both celluloses I and II.