Diamond nanoparticles to carbon onions transformation: X-ray diffraction studies

Carbon onions prepared by high temperature annealing of ultradispersed diamond nanoparticles of about 5 nm in average diameter have been studied by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The X-ray diffraction patterns show transformation of the diamond nanoparticles with sp(3) bonds into spherical carbon onions containing remaining diamond-like core and then into polyhedral onions with facets on their outer part and pure sp(2) graphitic bonds. The prepared onions form concentric-shell particles which comprise of about ten shells with an intershell distance of 0.35-0.36 nm. The large intershell distance suggests a considerable reduction in intershell interaction when compared to perfect graphite. The X-ray data are related to the previously performed studies by electron energy-loss spectroscopy and electron spin resonance. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.