Seismic moment distribution revisited: I. Statistical results

An accumulation of seismic moment data gathered over the previous decade justifies a new attempt at a comprehensive statistical analysis of these data: herein, more rigourous statistical techniques are introduced, their properties investigated, and these methods are employed for analysis of large modern data sets. Several theoretical distributions of earthquake size (seismic moment-frequency relations) are described and compared. We discuss the requirements for such distributions and introduce an upper bound or a 'corner moment' for a distribution to have a finite energy or moment flux. We derive expressions for probability density functions and statistical moments of the distributions. We also describe parameter evaluation, in particular how to estimate the seismic moment distribution for the largest earthquakes. Simulating earthquake size distributions allows for a more rigourous evaluation of distribution parameters and points to the limitations of the classical statistical analysis of earthquake data. Simulations suggest that several earthquakes approaching or exceeding the corner magnitude (m(c)) limit need to be registered to evaluate m(c) with reasonable accuracy. Using the Harvard catalogue data, we compare moment distribution parameters for various temporal spans of the catalogue, for different tectonic provinces and depth ranges, and for earthquakes with various focal mechanisms. The statistical analysis suggests that the exponent beta is universal (beta =0.60-0.65) for all moderate earthquakes. The corner moment (M-c) value, determined by the maximum-likelihood method, both in subduction zones and globally, is about 10(21) N m, corresponding to the corner moment magnitude m(c) approximate to8.0. For mid-oceanic earthquakes, m(c) is apparently smaller for spreading ridges, it is about 5.8, and for strike-slip earthquakes on transform faults it decreases from 7.2 to 6.5 as the relative slip velocity of faults increases. We investigate the seismic moment errors, both random and systematic, and their dependence on earthquake size. The relative errors seem to decrease for larger events. The influence of moment uncertainties on the parameter estimates is studied. Whereas the beta values do not appear to be significantly influenced by the errors, for the corner moment large errors can lead to substantially biased estimates. We compare the Harvard catalogue results with the earthquake data from instrumental catalogues in the first three-quarters of the 20th century. Several very large earthquakes (m greater than or equal to9) occurred around the middle of the century. Their magnitude values cannot be fitted by a modified Gutenberg-Richter law with m(c) =8.0-8.5. Among other factors, this discrepancy can be explained by either substantially higher errors in the earlier magnitude values, or by m(c) being higher for some subduction zones. It is unlikely that data available presently or soon will be sufficient to determine the corner magnitude of 9 and above, with reasonable precision, using purely statistical methods.