An efficient and practical solution to remote authentication: Smart card

The smart card-based scheme is a very promising and practical solution to remote authentication. Compared with other smart card-based schemes, our solution achieves more functionality and requires much less computational cost. These important merits include: (1) there is no verification table; (2) users can freely choose their passwords; (3) the communication cost and the computational cost is very low; and (4) it provides mutual authentication between the user and the server.