The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A)

Objectives: Biological markers of narcolepsy with cataplexy (classical narcolepsy) include sleep-onset REM periods (SOREM) on multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT), HLA-DQB1*0602 positivity, low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 (orexin A), increased body mass index (BMI), and high levels of CSF leptin. The clinical borderland of narcolepsy and the diagnostic value of different markers of narcolepsy remain controversial and were assessed in a consecutive series of 27 patients with hypersomnia of (mainly) neurological origin. Methods: Diagnoses included classical narcolepsy (n = 3), symptomatic narcolepsy (n = 1), narcolepsy without cataplexy (n = 4), idiopathic hypersomnia (n = 5), hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders (n = 5), and hypersomnia secondary to neurological disorders or of undetermined origin (n = 9). Clinical assessment included BMI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale (UNS), and history of REM-symptoms (sleep paralysis, hallucinations). HLA-typing, electrophysiological studies (conventional polysomnography, MSLT, 1-week actigraphy), and measurements of CSF levels of hypocretin and leptin were also performed. Results: Hypocretin-1 was undetectable in three patients with classic narcolepsy and detectable in the remaining 24 patients. Other narcoleptic markers also frequently found in patients without narcolepsy included ESS > 14 (78% of 27 patients), UNS > 14 (75%), REM symptoms (30%), sleep latencies on MSLT < 5 min (41%), greater than or equal to 2 SOREM (30%), DQB1*0602 positivity (52%), BMI > 25 (52%), and increased CSF leptin (48%). Hypersomnia was documented by an increased time 'asleep' in 41% of patients. Overlapping clinical and electrophysiological findings were seen mostly in patients with narcolepsy without cataplexy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and psychiatric hypersomnia. Conclusions: (1) Hypocretin dysfunction is not the 'final common pathway' in the pathophysiology of most hypersomnolent syndromes that fall on the borderline for a diagnosis of narcolepsy. (2) The observed overlap among these hypersomnolent syndromes implies that current diagnostic categories are not entirely unambiguous. (3) A common hypothalamic, hypocretin-independent dysfunction may be present in some of these syndromes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.