Journal
CELL HOST & MICROBE
Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages 496-507Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.05.006
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Funding
- NIH [R01 DK61707]
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center
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Secondary bacterial infection is a common sequela to viral infection and is associated with increased lethality and morbidity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show that the TLR3/MDA5 agonist poly I:C or viral infection dramatically augments signaling via the NLRs Nod1 and Nod2 and enhances the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Enhanced Nod1 and Nod2 signaling by poly I:C required the TLR3/MDA5 adaptors TRIF and IPS-1 and was mediated by type I IFNs. Mechanistically, poly I:C or IFN-beta induced the expression of Nod1, Nod2, and the Nod-signaling adaptor Rip2. Systemic administration of poly I:C or IFN-beta or infection with murine norovirus-1 promoted inflammation and lethality in mice superinfected with E. coli, which was independent of bacterial burden but attenuated in the absence of Nod1/Nod2 or Rip2. Thus, crosstalk between type I IFNs and Nod1/Nod2 signaling promotes bacterial recognition, but induces harmful effects in the virally infected host.
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