Journal
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
Volume 16, Issue 8, Pages 1093-1107Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.44
Keywords
apoptosis; caspases; cytofluorometry; immunofluorescence microscopy; mitotic catastrophe; necrosis
Categories
Funding
- Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (LNC)
- Agence Nationale de Recherche (ANR)
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS)
- Institut National du Cancer (INCa)
- Canceropole Ile-de-France
- Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM)
- Sidaction (to GK)
- European Commission
- NIH
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- EMBO
- ApopTrain
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council [G0600194, MC_U132670600, MC_U132615750] Funding Source: researchfish
- Fondazione Telethon Funding Source: Custom
- MRC [MC_U132670600, MC_U132615750, G0600194] Funding Source: UKRI
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Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells. Cell Death and Differentiation (2009) 16, 1093-1107; doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.44; published online 17 April 2009
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