Journal
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
Volume 16, Issue 10, Pages 1303-1314Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.107
Keywords
GSH; redox regulation; oxidative stress; thiols; glutathionylation; glutathione transport
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Funding
- Intramural Research Program of the NIH/National Institute of Environmental Health Oakley
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES [Z01ES090079, ZIAES090079] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Apoptosis is a conserved homeostatic process critical for organ and tissue morphogenesis, development, and senescence. This form of programmed cell death also participates in the etiology of several human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune disorders. Although the signaling pathways leading to the progression of apoptosis have been extensively characterized, recent studies highlight the regulatory role of changes in the intracellular milieu (permissive apoptotic environment) in the efficient activation of the cell death machinery. In particular, glutathione (GSH) depletion is a common feature of apoptotic cell death triggered by a wide variety of stimuli including activation of death receptors, stress, environmental agents, and cytotoxic drugs. Although initial studies suggested that GSH depletion was only a byproduct of oxidative stress generated during cell death, recent discoveries suggest that GSH depletion and post-translational modifications of proteins through glutathionylation are critical regulators of apoptosis. Here, we reformulate these emerging paradigms into our current understanding of cell death mechanisms.
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