Journal
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
Volume 27, Issue 1-2, Pages 33-44Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00007-1
Keywords
review article; early adverse experience; stress; maltreatment; child abuse; trauma; neglect; brain development; corpus callosum; hippocampus; amygdala; limbic system; glucocorticoid; cortisol; hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; laterality; cerebellum; vermis; gender or sex differences; EEG abnormalities; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); borderline personality disorder; mental illness
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [R01MH043743] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH43743, MH53636] Funding Source: Medline
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Early severe stress and maltreatment produces a cascade of neurobiological events that have the potential to cause enduring changes in brain development. These changes occur on multiple levels, from neurohumoral (especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal {HPA} axis) to structural and functional. The major structural consequences of early stress include reduced size of the mid-portions of the corpus callosum. and attenuated development of the left neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Major functional consequences include increased electrical irritability in limbic structures and reduced functional activity of the cerebellar vermis. There are also gender differences in vulnerability and functional consequences. The neurobiological sequelae of early stress and maltreatment may play a significant role in the emergence of psychiatric disorders during development. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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