Putrescine or a combination of methionine and arginine restores virulence gene expression in a tRNA mod if ication-def icient mutant of Shigelia flexneri: a possible role in adaptation of virulence

The wild-type strain YSH6000 of Shigella flexneri growing in minimal medium contains the modified nucleoside epoxy-Q (oQ) in a subset of tRNAs. This nucleoside is lacking in tRNA from a tgt mutant of this bacterium. When these bacteria are growing in minimal medium, the expression of virulence genes is 10-fold lower in the tgt mutant than in the wild type, although only a twofold reduction in the expression of these virulence factors is observed in broth. Such a strong media-dependant expression of virulence genes was not observed in the wild type. Accordingly, the level of the positive regulator of virulence, VirF, is much lower in the mutant than in the wild type. However, the transcription of the virF gene in minimal medium is the same in the wild type and in the tgt mutant. As the undermodification of tRNA is not affected by the quality of the growth medium, we conclude that such an environmental change in growth conditions partly restores virulence gene expression by counteracting poor translation of the virF mRNA mediated by an oQ-deficient tRNA. Virulence gene expression is partly restored in the tgt mutant by the addition of a mixture of arginine and methionine. Addition of the polyamine putrescine, synthesis of which is metabolically related to that of arginine and methionine, has a comparable stimulatory effect on virulence gene expression. These results not only suggest a role for amino acids and polyamines in the environmental regulation of virulence gene expression in S. flexneri, but also demonstrate a strong and specific involvement of tRNA modifications, and especially oQ, in the adaptation of virulence gene expression to the nutritional quality of the growth medium.