Journal
CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH
Volume 354, Issue 1, Pages 171-178Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1654-2
Keywords
Major depression; Learned helplessness; Animal model; Cognitive theory; Uncontrollable stress
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Funding
- German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [01GQ1003B]
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The concept of learned helplessness defines an escape or avoidance deficit after uncontrollable stress and is regarded as a depression-like coping deficit in aversive but avoidable situations. Based on a psychological construct, it ideally complements other stress-induced or genetic animal models for major depression. Because of excellent face, construct, and predictive validity, it has contributed to the elaboration of several pathophysiological concepts and has brought forward new treatment targets. Whereas learned helplessness can be modeled not only in a broad variety of mammals, but also in fish and Drosophila, we will focus here on the use of this model in rats and mice, which are today the most common species for preclinical in vivo research in psychiatry.
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