Carbohydrate microarrays

Sugar chains are abundantly expressed on the outer surfaces of the vast majority of viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungal pathogens, as well as on the membranes of mammalian cells. This class of carbohydrate molecule is without peer in structural diversity and is characteristically suitable for storing and displaying biological signals for molecular and cellular recognition. Exploring the biological information contained in sugar chains is an important topic of current postgenomic research. To facilitate these investigations, we have focused on the establishment of a carbohydrate-based microarray technology. Recently, we reported that a large panel of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules, including polysaccharides, natural glycoconjugates, and the monoand oligosaccharides coupled to carrier molecules, can be stably immobilized on a microglass slide to produce a large-scale carbohydrate microarray. In this review, we attempt to summarize our recent progress in using this technology to uncover the carbohydrate-based biological signals that are recognized by the human and animal immune systems. We also discuss the potential of various platforms of carbohydrate microarrays that were recently established and analyze the challenges to future development of carbohydrate microarray technologies and their applications.