Journal
CELL
Volume 153, Issue 6, Pages 1194-1217Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
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Funding
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RTICC)
- European Union (ERC Advanced Grant)
- Regional Government of Madrid
- Botin Foundation
- Ramon Areces Foundation
- AXA Foundation
- Max Planck Society
- ERC
- Wellcome Trust (UK)
- FP7 Projects MARK-AGE
- EuroBATS
- Fundacion Lilly (Spain)
- Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Equipes labellisee)
- Agence Nationale pour la Recherche
- AXA Foundation Chair for Longevity Research
- Institut National du Cancer (INCa)
- Fondation de France
- Canceropole Ile-de-France
- Fondation Bettencourt- Schueller
- LabEx ImmunoOncology
- Paris Alliance of Cancer Research Institutes
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Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging research has experienced an unprecedented advance over recent years, particularly with the discovery that the rate of aging is controlled, at least to some extent, by genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved in evolution. This Review enumerates nine tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging in different organisms, with special emphasis on mammalian aging. These hallmarks are: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. A major challenge is to dissect the interconnectedness between the candidate hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging, with the final goal of identifying pharmaceutical targets to improve human health during aging, with minimal side effects.
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