Journal
CELL
Volume 138, Issue 2, Pages 245-256Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.056
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [P50 CA090381, K99 CA126160, R01 HG004069, K99 CA129565]
- The Prostate Cancer Foundation
- Department of Defense [W81XWH-07-1-0037, PC080665]
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The evolution of prostate cancer from an androgen-dependent state to one that is androgen-independent marks its lethal progression. The androgen receptor (AR) is essential in both, though its function in androgen-independent cancers is poorly understood. We have defined the direct AR-dependent target genes in both androgen-dependent and -independent cancer cells by generating AR-dependent gene expression profiles and AR cistromes. In contrast to what is found in androgen-dependent cells, AR selectively upregulates M-phase cell-cycle genes in androgen-independent cells, including UBE2C, a gene that inactivates the M-phase checkpoint. We find that epigenetic marks at the UBE2C enhancer, notably histone H3K4 methylation and FoxA1 transcription factor binding, are present in androgen-independent cells and direct AR-enhancer binding and UBE2C activation. Thus, the role of AR in androgen-independent cancer cells is not to direct the androgen-dependent gene expression program without androgen, but rather to execute a distinct program resulting in androgen-independent growth.
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