Microstructure and creep strength of welds in advanced ferritic power plant steels

The microstructure and creep strength of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens and welded joints have been investigated for advanced 9-12% Cr steels in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for Type IV cracks and to improve the creep strength of welded joints at high temperature. The creep and creep rupture tests were carried out at 650degreesC (923 K) for lip to about 104 h. The creep crack growth tests were also carried out for welded joints, base metal and simulated HAZ specimens using the CT specimens. The creep rupture time of simulated HAZ specimens has its minimum after heating to A(C3) temperature, which produces fine-grained martensitic microstructure. Decreasing the width of HAZ by means of electron beam (EB) welding is effective for the extension of creep life but the brittle Type IV fracture appears even in the EB welded joints at low stress and long time conditions. Most of the welded joint specimens were fractured in fine-grained HAZ and resulted in shorter creep life than those of base metals as a result of the formation of creep voids and cracks. It should also be noted that in the fine-grained zone, the recovery of martensitic microstructure during creep is inhomogeneous as shown by the formation of coarse subgrains in the region of fine subgrains. Using a specially designed FEM code for Type IV crack growth behaviour, the vacancy diffusion under multi-axial stress conditions of welded joints in HAZ is analysed. The effect of creep ductility and void formation ahead of the crack tip on creep crack growth rate is successfully simulated.