Journal
IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH
Volume 29, Issue 1-3, Pages 187-196Publisher
HUMANA PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1385/IR:29:1-3:187
Keywords
dendritic cells; TLRs; Th1/Th2; innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Categories
Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R01AI048638, R01AI056499, U19AI057266] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES [R01DK057665] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 056947, R01 AI 48638, U19 AI 057266, R01 AI 56499] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK 57665] Funding Source: Medline
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The adaptive immune system has evolved different types of immune responses, each one effective against a given class of pathogen. For example. Th1 and Th2 responses represent two qualitatively different types of immune responses that are preferentially effective against intracellular microbes and helminths, respectively. Since the original description of Th1 and Th2 T-cell clones (1), we have learned much about the cytokines that influence the type of Th response. Thus, interleukin-4 (IL-4) is known to induce IL-4 production in T cells, conversely IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are known to induce IFN-gamma production by T cells. However, the original sources of these cytokines in vivo are less clear. Recent developments from several labs point to a potential role for dendritic cells (DCs) in orchestrating this decision making process. Here, we present our current view of DC development, and then review the evidence for two opposing concepts: (1) that distinct subsets of DCs are predetermined to differentially bias the T-helper response; and (2) that microbes and the local microenvironment are potent modulators of DC function. Thus, nature appears to have evolved different mechanisms to regulate immune responses via DCs.
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