Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols: Pathways, biochemica, and genetic aspects

Chlorophenols belong to the group of toxic and persistent to microbial attack xenobiotics. Nevertheless, due to the adaptation microorganisms acquire the ability to use chlorophenols as the sole source of carbon and energy. The present review describes the diversity of aerobic pathways for the utilization of halogenated phenols by bacteria with the emphasis on the main reactions and intermediates formed, enzymes responsible for these reactions and their genetic basis. Taking into account (i) the fact that enzymes degrading chlorophenols are similar to the ones involved in the conversion of other (chloro)aromatic compounds and (ii) that present numerous publications describing the properties of separated enzymes or encoding their genes are published, this review was planned as the attempt to present both, the most general and specific aspects in chlorophenols degradation with the emphasis on the literature of the last ten years.