Journal
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages 93-97Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nbt920
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Funding
- NIBIB NIH HHS [R21 EB000673-01, R21 EB-00673, R33 EB000673-02, R33 EB000673, R21 EB000673] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING [R21EB000673, R33EB000673] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The use of near-infrared or infrared photons is a promising approach for biomedical imaging in living tissue(1). This technology often requires exogenous contrast agents with combinations of hydrodynamic diameter, absorption, quantum yield and stability that are not possible with conventional organic fluorophores. Here we show that the fluorescence emission of type II2,3 quantum dots can be tuned into the near infrared while preserving absorption cross-section, and that a polydentate phosphine coating renders them soluble, disperse and stable in serum. We then demonstrate that these quantum dots allow a major cancer surgery, sentinel lymph node mapping(4-6), to be performed in large animals under complete image guidance. Injection of only 400 pmol of near-infrared quantum dots permits sentinel lymph nodes 1 cm deep to be imaged easily in real time using excitation fluence rates of only 5 mW/cm(2). Taken together, the chemical, optical and in vivo data presented in this study demonstrate the potential of near-infrared quantum dots for biomedical imaging.
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