Journal
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
Volume 91, Issue 2, Pages 196-202Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr116
Keywords
Heart; Head muscle; Pharyngeal mesoderm
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Funding
- Association Francaise Contre les Myopathies
- Israel Science Foundation
- United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF, with S.M.E)
- Helen and Martin Kimmel Institute
- German Israeli Foundation
- Minerva Foundation
- NIH
- BSF
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The pharyngeal mesoderm (PM), located in the head region of the developing embryo, recently triggered renewed interest as the major source of cells contributing to broad regions of the heart as well as to the head musculature. What exactly is PM? In this review, we describe the anatomical and molecular characteristics of this mesodermal population and its relationship to the first and second heart fields in chick and mouse embryos. The regulatory network of transcription factors and signalling molecules that regulate PM development is also discussed. In addition, we summarize recent studies into the evolutionary origins of this tissue and its multipotential contributions to both cardiac and pharyngeal muscle progenitors.
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