Journal
CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN
Volume 10, Issue 22, Pages 2657-2699Publisher
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.2174/1381612043383728
Keywords
retinoid; retinoic acid; limb development; limb defects; congenital malformations
Categories
Funding
- NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES010413] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES [R01ES010413] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Ask authors/readers for more resources
The developing limb has been studied extensively and is a useful model to Study morphogenesis. During embryogenesis, limb formation is initiated as a budding off from the embryonic lateral body wall. Limb pattern is specified by a series of epitheiial-mesenchymal interactions, directing proximodistal, dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes. Vitamin A metabolites, especially retinoic acid, are known to play an important role in limb development, and the effects of retinoic acid may be mediated through the retinoid receptor signaling pathways. Accumulated evidence has shown that inadequate levels (excess or deficiency) of retinoic acid cause a wide range of limb malformations. Some species have the capacity to regenerate amputated limbs, and retinoids certainly affect this process, but there is debate regarding the extent that regeneration recapitulates development. In this review, phenotypic features, pathogenesis and the molecular basis of retinoid-induced limb malformations are discussed with a description of normal limb development and endogenous retinoid pathways.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available