A meta-analysis of the efficacy of psycho- and pharmacotherapy in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia

The efficacy of (cognitive) behavioural ((C)BT) and pharmacological therapy was investigated using meta-analytic techniques. After a comprehensive review of the literature, the results of 124 studies were included. (C)BT was more effective than a no-treatment control and a placebo control. No difference of efficacy was found when using cognitive elements compared to not using them for anxiety; for associated depressive symptoms, additional cognitive elements seems superior. Pharmacotherapy was more effective than a placebo control; there was no superiority of any drug class. Sample size was related to effect size in pharmacotherapy and publication bias was found. (C)BT was at least as effective as pharmacotherapy and depending on type of analysis even significantly more effective. There were no significant differences between (C)BT alone and a combination approach but characteristics of studies have to be considered. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.