Subjective experiences on antipsychotic medications: synthesis and conclusions

Objective: This report synthesizes the literature describing the phenomenology, clinical importance and biology of subjective responses to antipsychotic medications in schizophrenia. A patient's experience of an antipsychotic is important because unpleasant or dysphoric responses can impair therapeutic relationships, lead to medication non-adherence, and have direct negative effects on a patient's quality of life. Method: The author selectively reviewed early studies of subjective responses to antipsychotics and integrated this literature with the work of the other investigators in this special section. Results: There is substantial evidence that second-generation antipsychotics have advantages in causing fewer dysphoric responses when compared with first-generation agents. Clinical and neuroimaging studies suggest that dopamine blockade is an important determinant of many of these dysphorias. At this point in time it is unclear whether dysphoria results from extrapyramidal symptoms particularly akathisia and akinesia - or whether they are a direct result of decreased dopamine activity. Conclusion: Clinicians and researchers should continue to monitor dysphorias in schizophrenia. Contributions by the authors in this supplement provide new and more refined methods for measuring subjective responses in future studies.