The parasitic wasp genera Skiapus, Hellwigia, Nonnus, Chriodes, and Klutiana (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): Recognition of the Nesomesochorinae stat. rev. and Nonninae stat. nov and transfer of Skiapus and Hellwigia to the ophioninae

The ichneumonid wasp genera Skiapus Morley, Hellwigia Gravenhorst, Nonnus Cresson, Chriodes Forster, and Klutiana Betrem are each formally removed from the Campopleginae on the basis of morphological, molecular, and simultaneous analyses using PAUP* and the optimization alignment program POY. Skiapus and Hellwigia are shown to form a monophyletic group with the Ophioninae to which they are transferred. Nonnus is treated as comprising the Nonninae stat. nov. and Chriodes and Klutiana ( sometimes treated as a junior synonym of Chriodes) are treated as comprising the Nesomesochorinae stat. rev. The status of Nesomesochorinae and Nonninae is not fully resolved as they are not consistently recovered as separate groups, forming a single clade in some analyses. We keep them separate because of this uncertainty. Molecular synapomorphies within the D2-3 expansion region of the 28S rDNA gene show the utility of this gene region in determining subfamily-level placement within the higher Ophioniformes.