Single-particle tracking of oriC-GFP fluorescent spots during chromosome segregation in Escherichia coli

DNA regions close to the origin of replication were visualized by the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Lac repressor/lac operator system. The number of oriC-GFP fluorescent spots per cell and per nucleoid in batch-cultured cells corresponded to the theoretical DNA replication pattern. A similar pattern was observed in cells growing on microscope slides used for time-lapse experiments. The trajectories of 124 oriC-GFP spots were monitored by time-lapse microscopy of 31 cells at time intervals of 1, 2, and 3 min. Spot positions were determined along the short and long axis of cells. The lengthwise movement of spots was corrected for cell elongation. The step sizes of the spots showed a Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of similar to 110 nm. Plots of the mean square displacement versus time indicated a free diffusion regime for spot movement along the long axis of the cell, with a diffusion coefficient of 4.3 +/- 2.6 x 10(-5) mu m(2)/s. Spot movement along the short axis showed confinement in a region of the diameter of the nucleoid (similar to 800 nm) with an effective diffusion coefficient of 2.9 +/- 1.7 x 10(-5) mu m(2)/s. Confidence levels for the mean square displacement analysis were obtained from numerical simulations. We conclude from the analysis that within the experimental accuracy - the limits of which are indicated and discussed - there is no evidence that spot segregation requires any other mechanism than that of cell (length) growth. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.