Journal
WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
Volume 77, Issue 1, Pages 32-39Publisher
WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION
DOI: 10.2175/106143005X41591
Keywords
nitrosodimethylamine; water reuse; disinfection byproducts; chloramines
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To assess the occurrence and fate of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants, samples from wastewater treatment plants and industrial sources were analyzed for NDMA, total NDMA precursors, and dimethylamine (DMA). The median concentration of NDMA in untreated wastewater was approximately 80 ng/L, with maximum concentrations up to 790 ng/L presumably occuring because of sources unrelated to domestic wastewater. Concentrations of NDMA in untreated wastewater ranged from approximately 50 to 120 mug/L and accounted for a majority of the NDMA precursors. The removal of NDMA during secondary biological treatment exhibited considerable variability, with overall removal ranging from 0 to 75 %. In contrast, removal of NDMA precursors and DMA generally exceeded 70 %. The median concentration of NDMA in secondary effluent before disinfection was 46 ng/L. Although DMA was removed during secondary treatment, other NDMA precursors in wastewater effluent will result in formation of additional NDMA upon disinfection with chloramines.
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