The effects of resource availability and environmental conditions on genetic rankings for carbon isotope discrimination during growth in tomato and rice

Carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) is frequently used as an index of leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (c(i)) and variation in photosynthetic water use efficiency. In this study, the stability of Delta was evaluated in greenhouse-grown tomato and rice with respect to variable growth conditions including temperature, nutrient availability, soil flooding ( in rice), irradiance, and root constriction in small soil volumes. Delta exhibited several characteristics indicative of contrasting set-point behaviour among genotypes of both crops. These included generally small main environmental effects and lower observed levels of genotype-by-environment interaction across the diverse treatments than observed in associated measures of relative growth rate, photosynthetic rate, biomass allocation pattern, or specific leaf area. Growth irradiance stood out among environmental parameters tested as having consistently large main affects on Delta for all genotypes screened in both crops. We suggest that this may be related to contrasting mechanisms of stomatal aperture modulation associated with the different environmental variables. For temperature and nutrient availability, feedback processes directly linked to c(i) and / or metabolite pools associated with c(i) may have played the primary role in coordinating stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. In contrast, light has a direct effect on stomatal aperture in addition to feedback mediated through c(i).