Structural and electrochemical modification of graphitic carbons by vapor-phase iodine-incorporation

Pristine and mechanically-milled graphitic carbons were chemically modified by vapor-phase iodine-incorporation The effectiveness of iodine uptake during vapor iodation was gauged for pristine and mechanically-milled graphite The doping of electronegative iodine, which is capable of triggering charge transfer reaction with carbon, was found to develop structural disordering, carbon-polyiodide covalent compounds (C-I-3, C-I-S), enhanced mesoporosity and reduced BET surface area in graphitic carbons These intrinsic changes in iodine-modified graphite led to improved non-faradaic capacitance and development of faradaic pseudocapacitive reaction at similar to 3 2 V versus Li As a result, iodation develops manifold (similar to 100%) increment in gravimetric and volumetric capacity of precursor graphite, when tested versus Li The effect of iodine-incorporation on physical and electrochemical properties of graphite is reported in detail (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved