Overview of sensors and needs for environmental monitoring

This paper surveys the needs associated with environmental monitoring and long-term environmental stewardship. Emerging sensor technologies are reviewed to identify compatible technologies for various environmental monitoring applications. The contaminants that are considered in this report are grouped into the following categories: ( 1) metals, ( 2) radioisotopes, ( 3) volatile organic compounds, and ( 4) biological contaminants. United States regulatory drivers are evaluated for different applications ( e. g., drinking water, storm water, pretreatment, and air emissions), and sensor requirements are derived from these regulatory metrics. Sensor capabilities are then summarized according to contaminant type, and the applicability of the different sensors to various environmental monitoring applications is discussed.