Journal
CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
Volume 346, Issue 16, Pages 2540-2550Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.009
Keywords
Breast milk; Baby feces; HMO; Blood-group characteristic oligosaccharides
Funding
- European Union
- European Regional Development Fund
- Northern Netherlands Provinces (Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland), KOERS NOORD
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The characterization of oligosaccharides in the feces of breast-fed babies is a valuable tool for monitoring the gastrointestinal fate of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In the present study we monitored fecal oligosaccharide profiles together with the HMO-profiles of the respective breast milks up to six months postpartum, by means of capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry. Eleven mother/child pairs were included. Mother's secretor- and Lewis-type included all combinations [Le(a-b+), Le(a+b-), Le(a-b-)]. The fecal HMO-profiles in the first few months of life are either predominantly composed of neutral or acidic HMOs and are possibly effected by the HMO-fingerprint in the respective breast milk. Independent of the initial presence of acidic or neutral fecal HMOs, a gradual change to blood-group specific oligosaccharides was observed. Their presence pointed to a gastrointestinal degradation of the feeding-related HMOs, followed by conjugation with blood group specific antigenic determinants present in the gastrointestinal mucus layer. Eleven of these 'hybrid'-oligosaccharides were annotated in this study. When solid food was introduced, no HMOs and their degradation- and metabolization products were recovered in the fecal samples. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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