Journal
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1-3, Pages 27-41Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1385/MN:31:1-3:027
Keywords
phospholipases A(2); oxidative stress; cytokines; arachidonic acid; prostaglandin E-2; astrocyte; reactive gliosis
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Funding
- NCRR NIH HHS [1 P20 RR15565] Funding Source: Medline
- NIA NIH HHS [1P01 AG18357] Funding Source: Medline
- NIEHS NIH HHS [5P01 ES10535] Funding Source: Medline
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Astrocytes comprise the major cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and they are essential for support of neuronal functions by providing nutrients and regulating cell-to-cell communication. Astrocytes also are immune-like cells that become reactive in response to neuronal injury. Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) are a family of ubiquitous enzymes that degrade membrane phospholipids and produce lipid mediators for regulating cellular functions. Three major classes of PLA(2) are expressed in astrocytes: group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA2), group VI calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)), and group 11 secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)). Upregulation of PLA(2) in reactive astrocytes has been shown to occur in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on describing the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of G protein-coupled receptors on PLA(2) activation, arachidonic acid (AA) release, and production of prostanoids in astrocytes.
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