Frequency and magnitude of active-layer detachment failures in discontinuous and continuous permafrost, northern Canada

Active-layer detachment failures triggered weeks to months after forest fire in the central Mackenzie Valley (65 degrees N, discontinuous permafrost zone) are compared to others generated almost immediately by summer meteorological conditions on the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island (80 degrees N, continuous permafrost zone). Preferred long-axis orientations in both zones vary in relation to valley geometry and ground ice distribution: differential insolation plays no direct role in detachment failure distribution. Rates of geomorphic work over periods of one to two centuries are of the same order of magnitude. Threshold meteorological conditions for initiating failures on the Fosheim Peninsula can be incorporated into a surface heating index, but pre-conditioning of the active layer remains important because rapid thaw does not always initiate activity. Slope pre-conditioning does not occur at the fire-affected sites because the failure zone is within formerly perennially frozen ground. Long-term rates of unit vertical transport at the most active site on the Fosheim Peninsula are similar to those due to debris flow and slushflow in a nearby mountain range. The frequency of potential triggering events at the Ellesmere Island sites is expected to increase if summer climate warms, providing low percentage cloud cover is maintained during periods of high air temperatures. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.