Journal
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 275-280Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20140074
Keywords
chronic kidney disease; uncertain etiology; epidemiology; North Central Province; male farmers; natural spring water
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Funding
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration
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Background: The aim of the study was to identify the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out by analyzing health statistics, and three cohort studies were conducted (n = 15 630, 3996, and 2809) to analyze the demographic information, age-specific prevalence, etiology, and stage of presentation. We screened 7604 individuals for chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology. Results: The results showed that the male: female ratio was 2.4:1, the mean age of patients was 54.7 +/- 8 years, 92% of the patients were farmers, and 93% consumed water from shallow dug wells. Familial occurrence was common (36%). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in different age groups was 3% in those aged 30-40 years; 7% in those aged 41-50 years, 20% in those aged 51-60 years, and 29% in those older than 60 years. Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology was diagnosed in 70.2% of patients, while 15.7% and 9.6% were due to hypertension and diabetic mellitus, respectively. The majority of patients were stage 4 (40%) at first presentation, while 31.8% were stage 3 and 24.5% were stage 5. Stage 1 and 2 presentation accounted for only 3.4%. Conclusions: Low prevalence of CKDU was noticed (1.5%) among those who consumed water from natural springs. Prevalence was highest among males, rice farming communities, and those presenting at later disease stages.
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