Platynini (Coleoptera : Carabidae) of Vanuatu: Miocene diversification on the Melanesian Arc

Vanuatu supports 11 resident species of the carabid beetle tribe Platynini: five indigenous species shared with other Pacific islands and Australia and six newly described precinctive species. Notagonum delaruei, sp. nov. represents a single descendant species of one colonisation event. Helluocolpodes, gen. nov. ( type species Colpodes helluo Darlington of New Guinea) is proposed to accommodate a monophylum comprising the type species plus Helluocolpodes discicollis, sp. nov., H. mucronis, sp. nov., H. multipunctatus, sp. nov., H. sinister, sp. nov. and H. vanemdeni, sp. nov., all from Vanuatu. Generic assignments are informed by cladistic analysis of anatomical characters for a variety of Pacific platynine taxa. Metacolpodes Jeannel is redefined cladistically to include seven Pacific and Asian species. Biogeographic relationships among island areas housing platynine taxa on the Australian and Pacific Plates are investigated using a chrono - area cladogram, i.e. a taxon - area cladogram for which terminals are dated based on geological evidence and internal nodes based on non-reversible temporal optimisation. Conclusions reached by constraining the ages of areas within the context of phylogenetic relationships of their resident taxa include: ( 1) Vanuatu has supported resident platynine taxa since the Middle to Late Miocene; ( 2) the Hawaiian Blackburnia first colonised that archipelago in the Miocene, long before the present oldest high island, Kauai, came into existence; ( 3) the New Zealand Ctenognathus most likely arose from Miocene colonisation of New Zealand via Fiji; and ( 4) the low diversity of the Tahitian platynine fauna is due to relatively recent, Pliocene or later, colonisation of the Society Island chain by this group, also from a Fijian source.