Journal
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
Volume 87, Issue 4, Pages 2546-2553Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.023
Keywords
Chardonnay grape skins; Cellulose nanocrystals; Nanoparticles; Nano-rods; Core-shell self-assembly
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This is the first report on the derivation and structures of cellulose nanocrystals from grape skins. Pure cellulose was isolated from chardonnay grape skins at a 16.4% yield by a process involving organic extraction, acid and base dissolutions, and basic and acidic oxidation. The as-extracted cellulose was 54.9% crystalline and microfibrillar. Acid hydrolysis (64-65% H2SO4 45 degrees C, 30 min) of grape skin cellulose produced the more crystalline (64.3%) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that appeared mostly as spherical nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 nm and a mean diameter of 48.1 (+/- 14.6) nm as observed by TEM. AFM further disclosed the spherical nanoparticles actually consist of a nano-rod core (seed) surrounded by numerous tiny cellulose fragments as the shell. Interestingly, the spherical core-shell nanoparticles resemble the shape of grape bundles, the starting biomass, may be assembled via interfacial hydrogen bonds. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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