Thioctic acid amides: convenient tethers for achieving low nonspecific protein binding to carbohydrates presented on gold surfaces

The thioctic acid amides of 2'-aminoethyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 2'-aminoethyl alpha-1,3-D-mannopyranosyl (alpha-1,6-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha- D-mannopyranoside presented on both planar and nanoparticle gold surfaces give higher specific and lower non-specific protein binding than the related 2'-thioethyl glycosides.