Journal
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
Volume 178, Issue 1, Pages 15-21Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.09.035
Keywords
TiO2; crystallization; TiO2 nanoparticle; acid; anatase; rutile
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The crystal phase evolution of TiO2 nanoparticles, during hydrolysis and condensation of titanium tetraisopropoxide, was quenched at various reaction times by a freeze-drying method, followed by various characterizations. Three types of solutions with different acid input times were studied: (1) addition in infinite time (no addition), (2) addition at 24h after the hydrolysis/ condensation reaction started, and (3) addition from the beginning of the reaction. The acid-free solution yielded amorphous TiO2, which transformed to anatase very slowly. The acid input in 24h resulted in a fast transformation of amorphous to a metastable anatase having a highly distorted atomic arrangement: thereby its transformation to a more stable phase, rutile, was suitable. The acid addition from the beginning of the reaction yielded the formation of a relatively stable anatase from the hydrolysis seed, thereby the subsequent transformation to rutile was sluggish. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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