Carbohydrate components of Taenia crassiceps metacestodes display Th2-adjuvant and anti-inflammatory properties when co-injected with bystander antigen

Common helminth infections promote Th2-skewed immune responses in their hosts. We have studied the role of intact carbohydrate structures on Taenia crassiceps compounds in the induction of biased type 2 and anti-inflammatory immune responses on peptide-stimulated T cells by using DO11.10 transgenic (OVA Tg) mice. While OVA Tg mice co-injected with OVA peptide(323-339) (OVA(323-339)) Plus intact Taenia soluble antigens (iTSA) displayed significantly higher titers of OVA-specific IgG1 and total IgE, low amounts of these antibodies were detectable in sera from OVA Tg mice co-injected with OVA(323-339) plus periodate-carbohydrate altered TSA (paTSA). Spleen cells from OVA Tg mice failed to efficiently produce OVA-specific IFN-gamma but displayed higher IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 production when they received OVA(323-339) Plus iTSA, compared with OVA Tg mice similarly co-injected with OVA(323-339) Plus paTSA. Moreover, after in vivo stimulation with OVA(323-339) Plus iTSA, spleen cells did show elevated mRNA transcripts for Arginase 1, Ym1, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta, and Mannose Receptor (MR) genes, all them associated with Th2-type and anti-inflammatory responses. Similar results were obtained using TLR4 mutant mice. Together these findings suggest that carbohydrate components in TSA are involved in modulating immune responses to bystander antigens and that do not signal via TLR4.