Review of left-handed metamaterials: Evolution from theoretical and numerical studies to potential applications

This paper reviews and briefly describes the milestones of the research on left-handed metamaterials since 2001, from their discrete implementation as a succession of rings and rods, to their characterization as effective media with frequency dispersive constitutive parameters. We then pursue on discussing some of the implications of the homogeneous properties of these media which have made their popularity throughout various communities of researchers. Finally, we conclude by summarizing some of the applications which have so far the most benefited from the use of these novel materials.